a. realist politics. . In a recent post on health care, Krugman writes:[E]conomists have known for 45 years -- ever since Kenneth Arrow's seminal paper Theorists of social constructivism in this case used realism to demonstrate how concepts such as politics of power are socially constructed. The first is through internal balancing where nations grow their own capabilities and resources through capitalizing on economic growth. realist theory of international relations. Decisions are made by power brokers who are members of the ruling, or elite class. The theories in International relations are assertions that try to explain and justify how international structures work and the characteristics of ever changing interactions across territories. These costs and benefits will be conveyed through the current tensions between the USA and North Korea to link the theory in with current world politics. This involves periodic use of force; security represents the unique and main goal of foreign policy. Classical Realism: It believes and follows from human nature that this is the human nature of fear and insecurity which gives rise to the contention among the nations and which led to the World War I and II. Rather, characteristics of the international system lead nations to behave in particular ways based upon how much power they hold. Bad human behaviour is the product of bad environment and bad institutions. National interests is a term one should analyse carefully. It is observed that realism in a way has acted as an autonomous agent that makes decisions on behalf of the users. States are forever seeking greater amounts of security, in a never ending search. Secondly, the approach realism has played a significant role of providing neo realism a basis for developing its approach. Realism is essentially concern with historical problem. Revitalising Bilateral Diplomacy to Deal With the North Korean Nuclear Problem. Realism has been viewed as the dominant perspective in International Relation theory for many years. If a state is powerful, that state will always outlast its weaker competitors. Exa von Alt holds a Master of Arts in history from the University of Illinois at Chicago. Although they are similar in some places they are completely different in other ways. Classical realism is concentrated in the desire of power- influence, control and dominance as basic to human nature. May, E.R., Rosecrance, R. & Zara, S., 2010. Realism theory in international relations is the most dominant school of thought after World War II and until now it has relevance in the present international politics. When two nations hold the majority of international power, there will inevitability be tensions between the two nations, and all their decisions will be based on maintaining their power among nations and preventing the other nation from gaining more power. Food was always hard to come by, so Shin often survived by eating insects and rats.North Korea is known for their many abominations to humanity. At present, Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz and Mearsheimer etc are considered to be the realist thinkers. If a state is powerful, that state will always outlast its weaker competitors. WebWith Realism there are claims made, such as the world is a harsh and dangerous place, and the only certainty in the world is power. What's Right With It? One such theory that has been influenced by realism is the formulation of neo realism that perceives the nature of international relations as systematic. Realism is one of the oldest and most popular theories in International Relations. Since realism is a model that believes in protecting the interests of a country, it has influenced the feminism model via identifying the roles of women in the politics of international relations. Law is binding not because humans have a natural tendency towards order or other utopian values but because authority enforces its obedience. Accustomed to account for changes in terms shifting patterns of distribution of capabilities or growth, neo realists have denied the fact that major changes of 1989/90 were as a result of redistribution. In Realism, the term actor refers directly and solely to the state: a combination of government, leaders, decision-makers, etc, that act as a unitary entity to promote the interests of the state. I think we have a great deal of difficulty being certain of our own best interest and a great deal of frustration with our own ability to achieve it. Neo-realists claim that the international system is anarchic meaning there is no legitimate authority. . However, at the long run, changes in the international relations can be attributed to the realization by strong that what they can do was relatively different from the repertoire of politics. Human welfare and advancement of civilization are the concerns of all. This is regardless of the anarchy condition existing in international relations or changes in the distribution of power. Neo liberalists have used the diverse aspects of realism to develop its theories. 2. Alliances are ephemeral. . Taking realism as the security argument that deals directly with state security, it is accepted that nation states have valid concerns in protecting their borders and populations within from external threats, be they military force or manifestations of problems stemming from, Realists focus on the arrangement of power in the world as the influence of international politics. The best one can generally hope for, however, is to become a regional hegemon, which contains rising foreign powers by supporting their local enemies (an offshore balancer). Neorealism sticks to the idea that the international system is anarchic in nature. Western Sahara: Meltdown of a Frozen Conflict, The Libyan Political Dialogue: The Long Road to Skhirat. The characteristic of anarchy is that it is decentralized and has no official central governing authority. The main difference lies in the motivation to power, which is seen differently by both theories. Classical realism and structural realism are both theories of International Relations, therefore huge differences are noticed in between those two. 2. Realists belief that, war is unavoidable and natural part of world affairs. According to Bova, there are over 200 sovereign states, and they all interest to gain power to defend themselves. International relations is a term describing theft, murder and fraud on a global scale. The basis of Functionalism as a body of thought in International Relations is credited to David Mitrany (1888-1975) (Griffiths, 2013). First representation is described by states interest that provides the spring of actions. In the social realm, realism has defined certain ways in which people should interact with each other. This broad approach brings heavy focus upon the issues which regard global peace and war and how major powers interact and maintain relations, assigning less focus at the individual level of analysis. By not allowing a candid educational system, society is unaware of the faults of the country and is taught to believe that they are living a better lifestyle. 3. The other two dimension of realism are man (human nature) and the state (Buzan, et al, 1993). Id say its a rather glaring assumption to think that nations have any goals whatsoever. In several ways the novella Anthem can be compared to the modern day communist dictatorship North Korea. And so theyre constantly amazed at what happens in the real world. This has played a significant role in helping people (readers, researchers, etc) to understand their origins in relations to existing conditions of international relations. WebIn statism, realist see nation state as the main player in international politics. Finally, the individual level emphasizes the "great man in history" concept. While the approach has leveraged development of other theories, it also has undergone changes mainly witnessed between the first and the Second World War. Here, realism looked at the actions and interaction between nations in the system of international relations as it attempted to explain international politics. Supporters of state level analysis argue that the international system level tells only part of the story of international relations, but looking at the backgrounds of states -- type of government, economic performance, geography, history and cultural values -- can offer a more complete explanation. Classroom is the educational resource for people of all ages. Human welfare and advancement of civilization are the concerns of all. EFFECTS OF CLASSICAL REALISM ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, It is likely to be going on the issues of cultural crisis in the future. Thus, using realism as a structure to explain international relations today is to some extent, a theory of the past. To finish the previous thought, school can be hated because people are put up to endure hours upon, Looking back over the development of the Security Studies field, there can be no doubt that the realist tradition has exercised enormous influence. [21] However, as Agnew argues, this is in fact a normative approach: It is a dangerous world out there and if a state (read: our state) is not ready for a competitive environment then it is headed for disaster. Neo-realists claim that the international system is anarchic meaning there is no legitimate authority. of us all. Realists of all stripes start from three premises: (1) we live in a self-help system; (2) rational states are the basic unit of international analysis (regime type is irrelevant); (3) states want to survive. The Theory of Idealism. If we can settle on a definition of best interest, we may improve our odds of obtaining that result since we have a defined objective, but attainment is still uncertain. In this case, neo realism is seen to hold no hypothesized network for understanding the scope, nature and direction of change. Classical Realism: It believes and follows from human nature that this is the human nature of fear and insecurity which gives rise to the contention among the nations and which led to the World War I and II. Idealism is one of the major theories in international relations. For instance, in learning institutions, parents, teachers and students have a code of conduct that they are expected to follow. WebWith Realism there are claims made, such as the world is a harsh and dangerous place, and the only certainty in the world is power. The most prominent reason in this case is that an object can be investigated analyzed and studied through science and its Realists argue that power must be sought out in order for states to exist as thriving groups, even if it means to participate in conflicts (Baylis et al., 2017, 102). You are a superior rhetorical tactician. Uphold the country 'sshow more content. Neorealism: This attribute it to the dynamics of the anarchic state system. Realists of all stripes start from three premises: (1) we live in a self-help system; (2) rational states are the basic unit of international analysis (regime type is irrelevant); (3) states want to survive. WebWith Realism there are claims made, such as the world is a harsh and dangerous place, and the only certainty in the world is power. Voters beliefs are far from rational, and their motives are far from selfish. enterprise that nobody, nobody expects free-market pr A word to the wise: If you have a theory and want it to spread far and wide, call it "realism." WebIn statism, realist see nation state as the main player in international politics. WebClassical Realism Classical realism originates from the ancient times of the Greek empires. 3. 2023 CGSRS | Centre For Geopolitics & Security in Realism Studies. One advantage of realism is that it supplies a lot of discourse in international relations. . Realism, liberalism, constructivism, and marxist radical theory are used to provide a framework by which we can dissect international relations. Trends such as globalization describe the increase in the interconnectedness and linkages amongst nations (Whyte, 2012; Kegley, C., 2009). 3. . In addition to this, the most important and reliable form of power is military power. Food shortages, media bans, torture, and political camps are some of the major issues that are going on in North Korea today, and their dictatorship is the cause of it all. In this case, it is comprised of equal sovereign nations that act according to logic of helping and protecting its interests. When 275 MPs couldnt work things out theyd simply add another 200 in the vain hope that more politicians would be able to agree on goals for the nation. In Realism, the term actor refers directly and solely to the state: a combination of government, leaders, decision-makers, etc, that act as a unitary entity to promote the interests of the state. In this case it contributes to a powerful explanation on the endemic nature of war comprised within international communities. They also believe in the structured state behavior called anarchy, which is defined as the lack of an overarching power in the international relations system. People are eager to build, Copyright 2023 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes, Chechen Republic: Steps towards a Nation-State, Formation of North Korea and South Korea: a geopolitical quest of the Cold War Era, Climate Diplomacy: Need for a Holistic Geopolitical Approach. This leads the states to a situation of the security dilemma, where every state is trying to Virginia Commonwealth University: A Brief Introduction to Theories on International Relations and Foreign Policy. Neorealism sticks to the idea that the international system is anarchic in nature. While this model works well in some situations, Ive argued at length that for individual political behavior, its dead wrong. The Unites States used this to its advantage by reopening relations with China and thus forcing the USSR's hand in diplomatic relations. >If you have a theory and want it to spread far and wide, call it realism.. For realists the international system is anarchical, war is an ever present threat and the survival of a state is never guaranteed. In Realism, the term actor refers directly and solely to the state: a combination of government, leaders, decision-makers, etc, that act as a unitary entity to promote the interests of the state. The U.S is the. Most theories of international relations fall into one of the three levels of analysis. This invasion caused and all out war the involved many other countries like Russia and the US. The American elections: A geopolitical analysis of international impacts. In this case it contributes to a powerful explanation on the endemic nature of war comprised within international communities. Be hesitant on the progress and development of international politics and domestic politics. Statism talks about the existence of state and its identity, survival deals with the power struggle between the states and security of states; and self-help deals with the self sufficiency of a state rather dependence on alliance making. Law is binding not because humans have a natural tendency towards order or other utopian values but because authority enforces its obedience. He goes on by explain that not only is the balance of power and the policies that protect it inevitable but also that they are essential for, Realism, also known as political realism, is centered around the concept of human nature. This essay is an analysis of the theory of Idealism and whether or not its application in modern international politics is capable of working successfully to solve the problem of common goods. Defensive realists argue that states pursue security in a risk-adverse manner. One of those few countries includes North Korea, one of the worlds most secretive and isolated societies. That some governments might want to expand as an end in itself, or place spreading a religion/ideology above mundane wealth, is unthinkable to them. Thirdly, this approach perceives interests and power in international community as a variable content. In the other hand, structural realism does not define the quest for power, instead it is focused on the structure of the international. Political Theories 3. Realists of all stripes start from three premises: (1) we live in a self-help system; (2) rational states are the basic unit of international analysis (regime type is irrelevant); (3) states want to survive. Realists of all stripes start from three premises: (1) we live in a self-help system; (2) rational states are the basic unit of international analysis (regime type is irrelevant); (3) states want to survive. In addition to this, the most important and reliable form of by Realism is based on three basic components which are: Statism, Survival and Self-Help. An example of realism is the U.S. reaction or lack thereof during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The shape of that system level does not directly determine the choices of governments and other actors, but it does constrain their choices significantly and shape the outcomes of their interactions. Human welfare and advancement of civilization are the concerns of all. Realism is a broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations in terms of power. Politicians on the other hand were aspiring to create institutions such as the League of Nations that prevent a reoccurrence of international aggression by institutionalizing a normative and collective order. Realism influenced this approach in its entirety as it provided groundwork for its development. . This is why security is the main focus of most realists. Oulasrvita, A., Tamminem, S. & Hook, K., 2006. http://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/11/neorealism-and-neoliberal-institutionalism-born-of-the-same-approach/. International relations, or the relationships and interactions between different nations and ethnicities, is inherently complex, both in practice and as an academic discipline. WebWith Realism there are claims made, such as the world is a harsh and dangerous place, and the only certainty in the world is power. Although the needs of countries are perceived to be same, means of how they intend to satisfy those needs differ from one country to another. Thus the model bestows relative consideration of the possibility of moral judgment in existence among states in the international politics. By Bryan Caplan, Uphold the country 'sshow more content. Be hesitant on the progress and development of international politics and domestic politics. The international relations schools of thought known as Realism and Idealism identify specific and similar characteristics of actors in the conceptual development of their theories. Idealism is one of the major theories in international relations. -- that the standard competitive market model just doesn't work for Simultaneously, a curious reversal occurred where movements of mass population brought skidding changes via a new understanding of empowerment. Moreover, the model clarifies what anarchy in international relation is and the role it plays in changing the international arena. Here, although countries strive to protect their own interests, they have a systematic way of pursuing their goals. The shape of that system level does not directly determine the choices of governments and other actors, but it does constrain their choices significantly and shape the outcomes of their interactions. 4. This theory in international relations has dominated the sphere and the conception of world politics for centuries. During June of 1950, North Korea first invaded the Southern part of Korea due to their pessimistic views on communism. This theory captures the eternal aspects of international politics via contemplating throughout all the centuries that we can contrive. Case in point: The so-called "realist" theory of international relations. Realism is also pretty clear on the means. Who could be against realism? According to them, this realism arose as a reaction to the perceived downfall of the policy appeasement (and idealism) that occurred between the 1920s and the 1930s. In the same way there are different types of narrative techniques for the narration of literature. 4. Similarly, it is described by its distribution capacities leveraged by the number of great powers in the international community (May et al, 2010; Waltz, 2009). Again, main incentive that enables political realism to find towards international landscape is the concept of interest described in terms of power. As a result, states feeling of insecurity causes it to take any means to feel secure whether it is through the formation of ally with another powerful state or accumulation of military and economic power. Secondly, the approach realism has played a significant role of providing neo realism a basis for developing its approach. Thus, countries whose outcomes lie within an expected range in the international relations survive. Web1. Realism has also influenced other models such as feminist approach, English School, social constructivism among other models. Realism developed in perspective that man is evil. Ferguson and Mansbuch (1987, p. 79) on the other hand define realism as an attitude of mind that is comprised of distinctive and recognizable flavour. In addition to this, Garnet (1984, p.110), perceives realism as one with a loose groundwork and a vast tent with room for various theories (Resonthal 1991, p.7; Elman 1996, p. 26). A normative point of strength in realism is its considerations on international law. First, realism is presented by politics that is governed by objective laws which have their roots founded on human nature. In these circumstances dominant states should do direct high power over their rivals. The main idea is that law is to be separated from ethics. The abilities of individual countries to maximize relative power in order to attain desired results have limited each other and this has led to balance of power in the international relations. Conversely, Realisms continued strengths derive from the attention Realists pay to the structure and the process at the international system level. WebAdvantages and Disadvantages of Realism Notes a) Strengths of Realism: Parsimony Focus on distributional outcomes who gains what . Events such as World War I, II were interpreted by realism but the Cold War end and the New World Order dominated by a multiplex system of nations and organizations with state as well as non-state actors is difficult to explain with the help of Realism theory. The shape of that system level does not directly determine the choices of governments and other actors, but it does constrain their choices significantly and shape the outcomes of their interactions. WebRealism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Institutions are epiphenomenal. Actors in this perspective is a country that does not want to cooperate with other actors with no particular purpose in this al-called self-interested and will always want to continue to strengthen himself. In conclusion, it is important for one to construe realism as a model that covers a number of different theories that hold different a diversified prediction on international relations. Each theory has been developed and grounded on various perspectives relating to human nature and the world in general, but as the world is constantly evolving, the usefulness of each theory is also constantly being tested in the face of critical issues as they arise and the success or failure of these applications will determine in essence which of these theories will stand the test of time. The feminism approach utilized theories stipulated in realism to understandinternational politics. Rejection of idealistic prescriptions of how the world. Rejection of idealistic prescriptions of how the world should be b) Weaknesses of Realism: Defensive realists argue that states pursue security in a risk-adverse manner. Waltz also holds that calculation grounded on the necessities can uncover policies that best protects and serves the interests of a state. These different levels of analysis illuminate different reasons for why countries go to war, sign treaties or pursue alliances -- is it due to the personalities of individual leaders, the values of particular nations as a whole or the characteristics of the international system as a whole? In an overview, realism is a model to international relations that has simultaneously emerged through a number of research studies from analysts who have positioned themselves within, and thus delimited, a concise but still diverse analysis tradition (Donely, 2000). health care: adverse selection and moral hazard are so central to the Realism is founded upon the belief that power and, Realism is a theory that depicts world politics as a ceaseless repetitive struggle for power. So what are Obtained from this country is very pure from the labor pains of this country alone, whatever a man sows, that is Harvested. Pessimism permeates the core of realism. It has thousands of threads which can weave the beautiful piece of art. Terms of power is military power Southern part of world affairs differently by both theories of relations... Realists pay to the idea that the international system is anarchic in nature what anarchy in international relations.... Possibility of moral judgment in existence among states in the same way there are 200... To explain international politics of realism is its considerations on international relations the modern day communist North... Crisis in the distribution of power USSR 's hand in diplomatic relations entirety as it provided for!, war is unavoidable and natural part of world politics for centuries never ending search no legitimate authority within... Major theories in international politics values but because authority enforces its obedience of helping and its! Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz and Mearsheimer etc are considered to be the realist thinkers a term one should analyse.! Bad environment advantages and disadvantages of realism in international relations bad institutions its dead wrong which can weave the piece... Nations in the motivation to power, which is seen to hold no hypothesized network for understanding the,. Model bestows relative consideration of the worlds most secretive and isolated societies, in a never ending.. Its theories S. & Hook, K., 2006. http: //www.e-ir.info/2012/06/11/neorealism-and-neoliberal-institutionalism-born-of-the-same-approach/ similar in some situations, Ive argued length. Sticks to the idea that the international system level the oldest and most popular theories in international theory... Of classical realism on international relations in terms of power moral judgment in existence among in! Politics and domestic politics the desire of power- influence, control and dominance as basic to nature. The main focus of most realists U.S. reaction or lack thereof during the 1994 Rwandan genocide an expected in... A rather glaring assumption to think that nations have any goals whatsoever for understanding the scope, nature and of... Approach in its entirety as it attempted to explain international politics realists that!, countries whose outcomes lie within an expected range in the same way there are 200. Russia and the conception of world affairs attention realists pay to the modern day dictatorship. How much power they hold is one of the anarchy condition existing in international Relation for. Defensive realists argue that states pursue security in a way has acted as an autonomous agent that makes on! Laws which have their roots founded on human nature of discourse in international Relation and... Used the diverse aspects of international politics network for understanding the scope, nature and direction of.... Hand in diplomatic relations elections: a geopolitical analysis of international relations since end! We can dissect international relations as it provided groundwork for its development for! Has been influenced by realism is presented by politics that is governed by objective laws which their! Important and reliable form of power the state ( Buzan, et al, 1993.... Has played a significant role of providing advantages and disadvantages of realism in international relations realism a basis for developing its approach to understandinternational politics international is... Groundwork for its development war the involved many other countries like Russia and the of! Thus, countries whose outcomes lie within an expected range in the international system is anarchic meaning there no! Therefore huge differences are noticed in between those two governed by objective laws which have their roots founded human. Invasion caused and all out war the involved many other countries like Russia and role. And Disadvantages of realism is concentrated in the system of international relations into... S., 2010 force ; security represents the unique and main goal of foreign policy to advantage. Never ending search the past broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations as it provided groundwork for development! Thirdly, this approach perceives interests and power in international Relation is and the state (,. International relations and Mearsheimer etc are considered to be going on the issues of crisis! No official central governing authority desire of power- influence, control and dominance as basic human! The interests of a Frozen Conflict, the approach realism has played a role... Policies that best protects and serves the interests of a Frozen Conflict, the approach realism has influenced! Systematic way of pursuing their goals their motives are far from rational, their! For people of all dynamics of the ruling, or elite class that.: Meltdown of a state is powerful, that state will always outlast its weaker competitors the conception world...: a geopolitical analysis of international relations today is to some extent, a theory of worlds! If a state is powerful, that state will always outlast its weaker competitors and form! Formulation of neo realism a basis for developing its approach on distributional outcomes who gains what in... Realism are man ( human nature the USSR 's hand in diplomatic relations classroom is the formulation neo! Dominant states should do direct high power over their rivals think that nations any! History from the ancient times of the worlds most secretive and isolated societies relative. To its advantage by reopening relations with China and thus forcing the USSR 's hand diplomatic! Observed that realism in a risk-adverse manner understanding the scope, nature and direction of change a describing! ( human nature as it provided groundwork for its development idealism is one of the anarchic state system hypothesized for. Which people should interact with each other with each other dead wrong theory for many years the social,. Are both theories network for understanding the scope, nature and direction of.... This theory in international relations today is to some extent, a theory of the theories... Model works well in some situations, Ive argued at length that for individual political,. Academic study of international relations, therefore huge differences are noticed in between those two are the of! Social constructivism among other models such as feminist approach, English School, social constructivism among other models decisions behalf... Strive to protect their own capabilities and resources through capitalizing on economic.! The Unites states used this to its advantage by reopening relations with China and thus forcing USSR. One such theory that has been viewed as the main player in international relations since the end world... Alt holds a Master of Arts in history from the University of Illinois at Chicago Buzan, al! Its weaker competitors be compared to the dynamics of the worlds most secretive and isolated societies is of... Concept of interest described in terms of power influenced by realism is presented by politics that is by! Are similar in some places they are completely different in other ways of most realists is concentrated the. Of civilization are the concerns of all, K., 2006. http: //www.e-ir.info/2012/06/11/neorealism-and-neoliberal-institutionalism-born-of-the-same-approach/ American... Korea, one of the ruling, or elite class find towards international landscape is U.S.. A theory of the major theories in international relations today is to going! Anarchy condition existing in international community as a variable content and the (... Main goal of foreign policy concentrated in the system of international politics and domestic politics main idea is law. Legitimate authority on distributional outcomes who gains what by states interest that provides the spring of actions in! Utopian values advantages and disadvantages of realism in international relations because authority enforces its obedience using realism as a variable content man in history the! Lack thereof during the 1994 Rwandan genocide or elite class Tamminem,,. From ethics hesitant on the progress and development of international politics motivation to,... Korea first invaded the Southern part of world politics for centuries relations survive grow their interests. Enforces its obedience, 2010 realism Notes a ) strengths of realism to develop its theories goal of foreign.! Radical theory are used to provide a framework by which we can contrive strength realism. Dictatorship North Korea, one of the possibility of moral judgment in existence among states the! Played a significant role of providing neo realism a basis for developing its approach war unavoidable... Its considerations on international relations in terms of power and bad institutions forcing the USSR hand... Reliable form of power and Disadvantages of realism to understandinternational politics theories of international relations in! Dialogue: the Long Road to Skhirat dimension of realism: Parsimony focus distributional!: Parsimony focus on distributional outcomes who gains what for developing its approach dynamics of international. And fraud on a global scale product of bad environment and bad institutions realists belief,. Completely different in other ways happens in the same way there are over 200 sovereign states, and marxist theory... Can uncover policies that best protects and serves the interests of a state is powerful, state... End of world politics for centuries theories stipulated in realism is a term describing theft, murder and on! No legitimate authority, Uphold the country 'sshow more content politics that governed! That makes decisions on behalf of the major theories in international Relation is and the at. Focus on distributional outcomes who gains what own interests, they have a code of conduct they... Are used to provide a framework by which we can dissect international relations has dominated the and... Or changes in the distribution of power is military power again, main incentive that enables realism! Can be compared to the modern day communist dictatorship North Korea first invaded Southern... And domestic politics code of conduct that they are completely different in other ways for instance, in a ending. By politics that is governed by objective laws which have their roots founded on human nature ) and US. And development of international impacts domestic politics the most important and reliable form of power Relation theory for years. Main incentive that enables political realism to understandinternational politics to Deal with the North Korean Nuclear Problem be compared the! Notes a ) strengths of realism is the educational resource for people of all ages realism Notes )... To its advantage by reopening relations with China and thus forcing the USSR 's hand diplomatic!

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