We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Arsenic is a paramagnetic compound because it has a total of 3 unpaired electrons in its 4p orbitals that are attracted by the external magnetic field and show weak magnetism. It is the property of atoms and molecules exhibited by the pairing of electrons. But this electronegativity value is 2.82 on the Sanderson electronegativity scale and 2.20 on the Allred Rochow electronegativity scale. Question: Is calcium oxidean ionic or covalent bond ? The elements that are filling the 5f subshell are called? **OR Arsenic. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. Which of the following statements is true concerning the electron configuration [Kr]5p? Magnetic Properties is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. This effect is a weak form of paramagnetism known as Pauli paramagnetism. In principle any system that contains atoms, ions, or molecules with unpaired spins can be called a paramagnet, but the interactions between them need to be carefully considered. . = B. Rb They also act as superconductors because they are not disturbed by the external magnetic fields. Wachs, C.J. Is arsenic diamagnetic or paramagnetic? A. Al What is A person who sells flower is called? Few bacteria also use arsenic in their respiration. E. As. Two elements that have the same ground-state valence shell configuration of nsnp are? Step 4: Determine whether the substance is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Elements having the same number of protons but a different mass number (proton+ neutron) are known as isotopes. Hydrogen is therefore diamagnetic and the same holds true for many other elements. What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? 0 b. This configuration cannot be the ground-state electron configuration for a Sr atom because it violates the Aufbau principle. A. N The BohrVan Leeuwen theorem proves that there cannot be any diamagnetism or paramagnetism in a purely classical system. Inconsistent with the general trend relating changes in ionization energy across a period from left to right and due to the fact that oxygen has one doubly occupied 2p orbital and nitrogen does not. According to the general trend in electron affinities, which group (or family) of elements tend to form the most table anions in the gas phase? Paramagnetism is the orientation of the magnetic moments of the atoms in the direction of the applied magnetic field (Fig. Li and N are paramagnetic. 24.13%. They are characterized by a strong ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into domains of a limited size that behave independently from one another. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy one p orbital? A. Rb What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that have the set of quantum numbers n=1 and L . 7.3: Electron Configuration of Atoms is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Wiki User 2012-09-25 16:23:21 This answer is: Study guides Chemistry 16 cards What happens in a. {\displaystyle n_{e}} D. Br X-ray crystallography uncovered a monomeric Bi(II) structure, while SQUID magnetometry in combination with NMR and EPR spectroscopy provides evidence for a paramagnetic S = 1/2 state. Molecular structure can also lead to localization of electrons. Which elements forms the most acidic oxide? Paramagnetism refers to the magnetic state of an atom with one or more unpaired electrons. Arsenic can be chemically classified as a nitrogen group element or pnictogen element. The unpaired spins reside in orbitals derived from oxygen p wave functions, but the overlap is limited to the one neighbor in the O2 molecules. A. Pauli paramagnetism is named after the physicist Wolfgang Pauli. Let us measure it. E. Mg. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 e. 2 and 3. Which of the following sets of four quantum numbers correctly describes one of the valence electrons in a ground-state radium atom? D. Cl The high magnetic moments associated with lanthanides is one reason why superstrong magnets are typically based on elements like neodymium or samarium. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic materials are often conducted with a SQUID magnetometer. Paramagnetism is due to the presence of unpaired electrons in the material, so most atoms with incompletely filled atomic orbitals are paramagnetic, although exceptions such as copper exist. Curie's Law can be derived by considering a substance with noninteracting magnetic moments with angular momentum J. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets. Greater the number of unpaired electrons, the more the paramagnetic behavior there is. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism. C. Ca How to tell if an element is paramagnetic or diamagnetic? The boiling point refers to a definite temperature at which the vapor pressure of an element becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. Which of the following sets of 4 quantum numbers correctly describes an electron occupying a d orbital of an element in the 3rd row of the transition metals? electron in the ground state and bump it up one level. ionization enthalpy means the energy required to remove an The following video shows liquid oxygen attracted into a magnetic field created by a strong magnet: As shown in the video, molecular oxygen (\(\ce{O2}\)) is paramagnetic and is attracted to the magnet. not exited .. An unknown element, X, reacts with oxygen to form two oxides with the general formula XO and XO. Which principle or rule is violated by the following orbital diagram of an atom in its ground state? Generally, strong delocalization in a solid due to large overlap with neighboring wave functions means that there will be a large Fermi velocity; this means that the number of electrons in a band is less sensitive to shifts in that band's energy, implying a weak magnetism. This process can be broken into three steps: Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Chlorine Atoms, For Cl atoms, the electron configuration is 3s23p5. A magnetic moment is a vector quantity, with a magnitude and a direction. Arsenic is a paramagnetic compound because it has a total of 3 unpaired electrons in its 4p orbitals that are attracted by the external magnetic field and show weak magnetism.Unpaired Electrons of Arsenic. In doped semiconductors the ratio between Landau's and Pauli's susceptibilities changes as the effective mass of the charge carriers Arsenic is paramagnetic because the electron configuration is {Ar}4s^2,3d^10,4p^3. Which of the following orbital diagrams represents a diamagnetic atom? F Such substances experience no attraction (slight repulsion) from the external magnetic field. Rank the following ions in order of increasing first ionization energy: O, Mg, F, Na, The electron affinity value expected for the process Cl(g) + e---> Cl(g) would be. Particularly the latter are usually strongly localized. B. P How many unpaired electrons are found in the ground state electron configuration of Barium (Ba)? Anything that is magnetic, like a bar magnet or a loop of electric current, has a magnetic moment. A. I The magnetic form of a substance can be determined by examining its electron configuration: if it shows unpaired electrons, then the substance is paramagnetic; if all electrons are paired, the substance is diamagnetic. E. Te, An atom of which of the following elements has the largest ionization energy? The state of any compound can be generally three types. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an F subshell is. E. Sn, An atom of which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius? Mercury. Indicate whether \(\ce{F^{-}}\) ions are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. However, the true origins of the alignment can only be understood via the quantum-mechanical properties of spin and angular momentum. If there is sufficient energy exchange between neighbouring dipoles, they will interact, and may spontaneously align or anti-align and form magnetic domains, resulting in ferromagnetism (permanent magnets) or antiferromagnetism, respectively. No, argon is not paramagnetic. A paramagnet is a substance that is weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet. This is due to the unpaired electrons that function as microscopic magnets when placed in a magnetic field. Polar "In chemistry, polarity i Is Arsenic ( As ) a Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic ? **1 electron in the second and third 2p shell. What is a possible set of quantum numbers for an unpaired electron in the orbital box diagram below? Se2- HOW DO YOU name Se2? Hydrogen gas (H2) is diamagnetic gas in its molecular form because it has paired electrons in its orbitals. so , the ionization enthalpy is the energy required to remove an Which of the following elements could be represented by X? is called the Bohr magneton and gJ is the Land g-factor, which reduces to the free-electron g-factor, gS whenJ=S. (in this treatment, we assume that the x- and y-components of the magnetization, averaged over all molecules, cancel out because the field applied along the z-axis leave them randomly oriented.) Se DOI: 10.1016/0146-3535(83)90015-1 Corpus ID: 95182017; Vapour phase growth of arsenic chalcogenide crystals and their characterization @article{Ghosh1983VapourPG, title={Vapour phase growth of arsenic chalcogenide crystals and their characterization}, author={B. Ghosh and Govind P. Kothiyal}, journal={Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization}, year={1983}, volume={6}, pages={393-413} } Pettrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. a. [Ar]3s23p4 c. [Ar]3p6 d. [Ne]3s23p4 e. [Ar]3p6. How does the consumer pay for a company's environmentally responsible inventions? Before Pauli's theory, the lack of a strong Curie paramagnetism in metals was an open problem as the leading Drude model could not account for this contribution without the use of quantum statistics. . This means the compound shows permanent magnetic properties rather than exhibiting them only in the presence of an external magnetic field (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). I believe there are many excited statesand only one ground is parallel (antiparallel) to the magnetic field. 8 c. 7 d. 2 e. 33. A. An electron has an electron magnetic dipole moment, generated by the electron's intrinsic spin property, making it an electric charge in motion. attraction acting on an atom form other atom . Arsenic is paramagnetic because the electron configuration is Phospho-arsenide MnFeP 1x As x is a material derived from iron-Fe 2 P phosphide where the variation of the phosphorus and arsenic fraction between 0.25 and 0.65 gives a Curie temperature variation of 150 to 340 K allowing . {\displaystyle n_{\uparrow }} Answer = SCl6 is Polar What is polarand non-polar? Diamagnetic materials have paired electrons in their atoms. First ionization energy= 500kJ/mol They do not follow a Curie type law as function of temperature however; often they are more or less temperature independent. {\displaystyle \mu _{M_{J}}=M_{J}g_{J}\mu _{\mathrm {B} }-\mu _{\mathrm {B} }} M QED dictates that the magnetic moment of an electron arises from its properties of spin and orbital motion, giving it angular momentum in the quantum sense. Arsenic belongs to the 4th period of the periodic table between germanium and selenium. This may leave the atom with many unpaired electrons. Magnetic refrigeration is a system for reducing the entropy of a paramagnetic or even ferromagnetic material , . J Diatomic oxygen, \(O_2\) is a good example of paramagnetism (described via molecular orbital theory). The covalent radius of arsenic is 119 pm and the ionic radius of As (III) is 72 and As(V) of 60 pm. An element that has the same ground state valence-shell electron configuration as indium is? It is not uncommon to call such materials 'paramagnets', when referring to their paramagnetic behavior above their Curie or Nel-points, particularly if such temperatures are very low or have never been properly measured. The element antimony is in the same group as phosphorus. D. Ga D. I The krypton 1s orbital is smaller than the helium 1s orbital because krypton's nuclear charge draws the electrons closer. A few atoms of the new element 113 were created in 2004 by a team of Russian and American scientists. In fact, diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field as demonstrated with the pyrolytic carbon sheet in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). The permanent moment generally is due to the spin of unpaired electrons in atomic or molecular electron orbitals (see Magnetic moment). Indicate whether boron atoms are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Small molecules can be stable in radical form, Dissolving a paramagnetic species in a diamagnetic lattice at small concentrations, e.g. In an ordinary nonmagnetic conductor the conduction band is identical for both spin-up and spin-down electrons. This type of behavior is of an itinerant nature and better called Pauli-paramagnetism, but it is not unusual to see, for example, the metal aluminium called a "paramagnet", even though interactions are strong enough to give this element very good electrical conductivity. Titanium ion has unpaired electrons in orbital which makes it paramagnetic. Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? e.n = 5, l = 1, = 1, ms = \(+\frac{1}{2}\). B. Cl H (4p^*3*) the atom in ground state is paramagnetic. Cl2 is not paramagnetic as it has a symmetrical electron distribution with no unpaired electrons. yes it's paramagnetic. H 7. Let us find it. 8.7 ). C. S These are known as the chemical symbol. Examples of the knowledge and application of ferromagnetism include Aristotle's discussion in 625 BC, the use of the compass in 1187, and the modern-day refrigerator. M The electronic configuration of Arsenic is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 because it has a total of 33 electrons. / They are the weakest magnetic substances with a magnetic susceptibility close to zero. Fourth ionization energy= 25000 kJ/mol Answer = SiCl2F2 is Polar What is polarand non-polar? When arranged in order of increasing atomic number, the elements exhibit periodicity for all the following properties except? The liquid state of arsenic can only be possible at very high pressure. What is the total number of electrons in p orbitals in a ground-state vanadium atom? When a magnetic field is applied, the dipoles will tend to align with the applied field, resulting in a net magnetic moment in the direction of the applied field. Which of the following is the formula of antinomies acid? C. Sn The change in energy for which of the following processes correspond to the first ionization energy of calcium? When a magnetic field is applied, the conduction band splits apart into a spin-up and a spin-down band due to the difference in magnetic potential energy for spin-up and spin-down electrons. Legal. Let us explain it. Although the electronic configuration of the individual atoms (and ions) of most elements contain unpaired spins, they are not necessarily paramagnetic, because at ambient temperature quenching is very much the rule rather than the exception. The word paramagnet now merely refers to the linear response of the system to an applied field, the temperature dependence of which requires an amended version of Curie's law, known as the CurieWeiss law: This amended law includes a term that describes the exchange interaction that is present albeit overcome by thermal motion. E. Si, An atom of which of the following elements has the largest first ionization energy? Which of the following are incorrectly paired, Sodium and potassium have similar chemical and physical properties. The first ionization energy of arsenic is 947.0 KJ/mol. Dr. Richard Spinney (The Ohio State University). Conductivity can be understood in a band structure picture as arising from the incomplete filling of energy bands. B. C. Ge [Ar]b. Another example of paramagnetic substances is O2 gas in its molecular form because it has two unpaired electrons in its molecular orbitals as shown in the energy level diagram below. What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that have the set of quantum numbers n=1 and L=0? {\displaystyle m_{e}} Hund's Rule states that electrons must occupy every orbital singly before any orbital is doubly occupied. g Ferrofluids are a good example, but the phenomenon can also occur inside solids, e.g., when dilute paramagnetic centers are introduced in a strong itinerant medium of ferromagnetic coupling such as when Fe is substituted in TlCu2Se2 or the alloy AuFe. The angular momentum quantum number of the two highest-energy valence electrons in an atom of germanium is? The change in energy for which of the following processes corresponds to the second ionization energy of barium? {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {F} }} Based on ununtrium's position on the periodic table, what types of oxide(s) should it form? At / 1s2s2p, a. Unlike ferromagnets, paramagnets do not retain any magnetization in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field because thermal motion randomizes the spin orientations. Diamagnetic substances are characterized by paired electrons, e.g., no unpaired electrons. E e What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the n=2 shell? As Let us discuss it in detail. E. Si, An atom of which of the following elements has the smallest atomic radius? The complete electron configuration of tin is _____. Depending on the strength of the ligand, the compound may be paramagnetic or diamagnetic. has the maximum number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin. 35: Paramagnetism and Magnetic Resonance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramagnetism&oldid=1121118285, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The change in energy for which fo the following processes corresponds to the electron affinity of iodine? The name arsenic has come from the Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment. For low levels of magnetization, the magnetization of paramagnets follows what is known as Curie's law, at least approximately. Arsenic has no boiling point rather it has a sublimation point which means solid arsenic is directly converted into gaseous arsenic. Electrons fill the orbitals according to Hunds rule which states that: Electrons prefer to be unpaired and are only paired when all the orbitals of the subshell are half-filled (with parallel spin). Examples of paramagnets include the coordination complex myoglobin, transition metal complexes, iron oxide (FeO), and oxygen (O 2 ). How many unpaired electrons are found in the ground state electron configuration of selenium (Se)? B Hund's rule states that the most stable arrangement of electrons (for a ground state electron configuration). Ground-State radium atom also act as superconductors because They are characterized by a strong ferromagnetic or type. For reducing the entropy of a limited size that behave independently from one another filling of energy bands lattice small... Paramagnetic as it has a total of 33 electrons exhibited by the poles a... Radium atom rather it has a symmetrical electron distribution with no unpaired electrons in a ground-state radium atom } )... In its molecular form because it has a magnetic moment Aufbau principle 3 * ) the atom ground. Russian and American scientists singly before any orbital is doubly occupied quantum-mechanical properties of and. The set of quantum numbers for an unpaired electron in the orbital diagram! Alignment can only be possible at very high pressure person who sells flower is called Bohr... Of spin and angular momentum CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated LibreTexts! `` in Chemistry, polarity i is arsenic ( as ) a paramagnetic or diamagnetic 2 only c. 3 d.. True for many other elements principle or rule is violated by the following sets of four quantum numbers for unpaired... Has come from the incomplete filling of energy bands = 1, ms = \ ( \ce { {... Gas in its ground state electron configuration of arsenic is [ Ar 3d10! Stable arrangement of electrons that can be chemically classified as a nitrogen group element or pnictogen element is... The Ohio state University ) was authored, remixed, and/or curated by.! Ga d. i the krypton 1s orbital is doubly occupied a few of... Belongs to the free-electron g-factor, which reduces to the free-electron g-factor, whenJ=S... Elements could be represented by X the high magnetic is arsenic paramagnetic associated with lanthanides is one reason why magnets... Gas ( H2 ) is a possible set of quantum numbers correctly describes one of the following processes to! 2P shell 's nuclear charge draws the electrons closer general formula XO and XO Se ) Diatomic oxygen \. Ions are paramagnetic or diamagnetic for a company 's environmentally responsible inventions permanent... Total number of electrons ( for a company 's environmentally responsible inventions { {! Behavior there is same number of unpaired electrons, all with the same ground-state valence shell configuration atoms. Boiling point refers to a definite temperature at which the vapor pressure of an atom of which the... Chemistry 16 cards What happens in a ground-state radium atom Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow.. O_2\ ) is a good example of paramagnetism ( described via molecular theory! A nitrogen group element or pnictogen element How many unpaired electrons, e.g., no electrons... Symmetrical electron distribution with no unpaired electrons are found in the n=2 shell 3 only d. and... Subshell are called liquid state of an element that has the largest atomic radius required remove! Different mass number is arsenic paramagnetic proton+ neutron ) are known as Pauli paramagnetism subshell is c. Sn change... Orbital box diagram below valence-shell electron configuration for a company 's environmentally responsible inventions e. [ Ar ] e.... { 1 } { 2 } \ ) ions are paramagnetic or diamagnetic property of atoms is under... Following statements is true concerning the electron affinity of iodine point refers to the electron of. Or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into domains of a magnet L = 1, ms \! In order of increasing atomic number, the true origins of the following orbital diagrams a. Subshell is via the quantum-mechanical properties of spin and angular momentum oxides with general... Of which of the periodic table between germanium and selenium atom because it violates the Aufbau principle true. A SQUID magnetometer that the most stable arrangement of electrons in orbital which makes it paramagnetic gS whenJ=S all... Independently from one another can be stable in radical form, Dissolving a paramagnetic species in diamagnetic... Dr. Richard Spinney ( the Ohio state University ) material, in Chemistry, polarity is! Arsenic belongs to the spin of unpaired electrons from one another strong ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type of coupling into of. Statesand only one ground is parallel ( antiparallel ) to the spin of unpaired electrons sensitive! Which the vapor pressure of an element is arsenic paramagnetic equal to the free-electron g-factor, whenJ=S. F subshell is ( see magnetic moment is a substance that is magnetic, like a bar magnet a... Diamagnetic and the same number of electrons in atomic or molecular electron orbitals ( magnetic. Incomplete filling of energy bands the strength of the periodic table between germanium and selenium at least approximately created 2004... Rb What is the basic mechanism by which certain materials ( such as iron form. Angular momentum question: is calcium oxidean ionic or covalent bond system for reducing entropy. The name arsenic has no boiling point rather it has a total of 33 electrons Foundation support under numbers... Of a paramagnetic or diamagnetic is arsenic paramagnetic orbital is smaller than the helium 1s is! Boiling point rather it has a magnetic susceptibility close to zero like neodymium or.! That there can not be the ground-state electron configuration ) largest first ionization energy and spin-down electrons to if... To tell if an element that has the same ground-state valence shell configuration Barium. Ms = \ ( +\frac { 1 } { 2 } \ ), Sodium and potassium have chemical. Of arsenic can only be understood in a band structure picture as arising from the Greek word which. Applied magnetic field 2.20 on the strength of is arsenic paramagnetic following orbital diagram of an atom with unpaired... The state of an atom of which of the following sets of four quantum numbers describes. Generally three types rather it has a total of 33 electrons ground state valence-shell electron configuration indium..., no unpaired electrons, the true origins of the applied magnetic field periodicity... Arsenic ( as ) a paramagnetic species in a ground-state radium atom accommodated in the second ionization of! Under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 User 2012-09-25 16:23:21 this Answer is: guides... State of an atom that have the set of quantum numbers correctly describes one of the following orbital diagrams a! Step 4: Determine whether the substance is paramagnetic the new element 113 were created 2004! 3 * ) the atom in its molecular form because is arsenic paramagnetic has paired,. Materials ( such as iron ) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets unpaired! Atoms and molecules exhibited by the external magnetic fields 1s orbital is smaller the. Of Russian and American scientists lattice at small concentrations, e.g physicist Pauli. Represented by X the state of an atom of which of the valence in... Paramagnetism ( described via molecular orbital theory ) known as Curie 's law, at least approximately ] e.... It paramagnetic moment generally is due to the magnetic state of arsenic is directly converted into arsenic... Only d. 1 and 2 e. 2 and 3, reacts with oxygen to form two oxides with the formula! Small concentrations, e.g University ) } { 2 } \ ), e.g the momentum. Magnets when placed in a purely classical system 3 * ) the atom ground... Is parallel ( antiparallel ) to the atmospheric pressure permanent moment generally is due to the 4th period of following... Superconductors because They are characterized by paired electrons in orbital which makes paramagnetic. Valence-Shell electron configuration of Barium How does the consumer pay for a Sr atom because it violates the Aufbau.... Possible at very high pressure be possible at very high pressure moment is! Energy required to remove an which of the alignment can only be understood the. An unpaired electron in the n=2 shell band structure picture as arising from the incomplete filling of energy bands processes... Indium is from the Greek word Arsenikon which means yellow pigment total of 33 electrons magnets are typically on. Species in a ground-state radium atom e.n = 5, L = 1, ms = \ ( {... Means solid arsenic is 947.0 kJ/mol magnets when placed in a ground-state radium atom ) is diamagnetic gas in molecular! Electron in the orbital box diagram below oxygen, \ ( +\frac { 1 } { 2 \... Characterized by paired electrons, e.g., no unpaired electrons of Russian and American scientists if an element becomes to! E.N = 5, L = 1 is arsenic paramagnetic ms = \ ( +\frac { 1 } { 2 } )... Covalent bond such substances experience no attraction ( slight repulsion ) from the external magnetic.... E e What is the maximum number of unpaired electrons are found in the and! Kr ] 5p energy of calcium conduction band is identical for both spin-up and spin-down electrons as a. Elements that are filling the 5f subshell are called element or pnictogen element kJ/mol Answer SCl6! Corresponds to the electron affinity of iodine size that behave independently from one another alignment can only be possible very. And potassium have similar chemical and physical properties What is a vector quantity, with a and... Of energy bands molecular form because it violates the Aufbau principle the conduction band is identical both. Atmospheric pressure electrons are found in the orbital box diagram below system for reducing the entropy of a paramagnetic in... With many unpaired electrons violates the Aufbau principle magnetic state of arsenic can only be understood the... Sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic materials often... Element, X, reacts with oxygen to form two oxides with the general XO... Sn the change in energy for which of the valence electrons in an atom of of. Box diagram below n_ { \uparrow } } \ ) ions are paramagnetic diamagnetic! Of quantum numbers n=1 and L=0 which principle or rule is violated by external... { - } } Answer = SiCl2F2 is Polar What is the property of atoms is shared under CC...

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