of the deportees from Eastern Poland who managed to get out of the Soviet Only three or so trips were allowed, so, sadly, those who arrived too late were unable to get out. 1 November 1944. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. Korespondencja - sprawy prywatne i rodzinne (1949-1950, 1957). Wymiana listw z instytucjami w Stanach Among people who stayed there was Bogdan Czaykowski. Locals from Tengeru and the Poles even sometimes celebrated mass together, said Devlin, the head of the Center for Flight and Migration at Germany's Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. From a transit camp near Beirut they were sent to more permanent quarters such as those located in Ghazir, Zauk Michael, Ajaltoun, and Boladoun. About 700,000 Poles were sent to Germany for forced labor,6 many to die there. There were also teachers, so schools were built. [7] The categories of civilians first targeted by the NKVD included court judges, civil servants, staff of municipal governments, members of the police force, refugees from western Poland, tradesmen, forestry workers, settlers, and small farmers, as well as children from summer camps and Polish orphanages, family members of anyone arrested by the NKVD, and family members of anyone who had escaped to the West or had gone missing. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. The Koja settlement covered an area measuring over 700 acres and was located on several hills overlooking the lake. Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. POLISH REFUGEES IN EAST AFRICA, 1942-1946 description Object description Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. The Kenyan port of Mombasa, the Tanganyikan ports Tanga and Dar es Salaam, and the Mozambican ports Beira and Laureno Marques (which is today's Maputo), were the first African stops for the Polish refugees. (Vydano u spivpratsi z Fundatsiieiu Doslidzhennia Lemkivshyny. The listing of refugees is not complete, because new waves of refugees were constantly flowing in. Zustrichi. But what happened to the rest of the hundreds of thousands of deportees who did not leave with Anders' army? well as for the formation of a Polish army on Soviet soil. PERIODICALS When the Polish community In Uganda they were laid to rest at Nyabyeya in Masindi; Bombo in Luwero district, and Entebbe, according to records at the Uganda National Archives. T.2. Awi'tojerska My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. Here's a map that shows Such was the lot of ul. It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. 00-263 Warszawa Thousands of Jews were employed by the Soviets in deportation and execution of Polish citizens. Ukrains'kyi arkhiv. To all intents and purposes, they had found a brave, new world. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . Local resident Barbara arrives with her husband and young son Jan, each carrying . Union under the provisions of that tenuous "amnesty" of 1941. To accommodate the refugees, a sprawling stationary camp was established in Isfahan. The bishop came from Kampala to consecrate it. The Millenium of Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. unfortunate term "amnesty" (the word should have been "manumission" or "emancipation") to characterize the release of the exiles; they were Stalin's bargaining chip in the contest for the status quo ante borders of Poland. [17] Despite political instability and famine in Iran at that time, Polish refugees were welcomed by the smiles and generosity of the Iranian people. signed in the presence of Winston Churchill and Anthony Eden, used the According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn "The complex story of Polish refugees in Iran", "Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuation_of_Polish_civilians_from_the_USSR_in_World_War_II&oldid=1096111774, Articles using infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Over 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children evacuated from March 24 until the first days of April 1942, Over 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians evacuated by sea from August 10 to September 1, 1942, This page was last edited on 2 July 2022, at 11:09. Abdi Latif Dahir. NKVD agents issued Soviet passports to Poles in February-May 1943. Northern Rhodesia had three camps. For several weeks hundreds of machete-wielding Bunyoro men were put to work and cleared about a three kilometre-square of bush and elephant grass. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. Humanity's history of migration by sea from Troy to Lampedusa, Polish tractors plowing a furrow to Africa, 'EU must rethink its approach to migration', Ukraine updates: Zelenskyy calls for ICC Russia probe, NATO: Finland forges ahead of Sweden toward membership, More than mercenaries: Russia's Wagner Group in Africa, Russian troops step up fight to cut off Bakhmut supply lines. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. "That's when I started my research," recalls Durand. Historian Erik Lindner takes a long look back to discover answers to this question. A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. The majority of the refugees were women and girls (the younger men had been recruited into the Polish Army under General Wladyslaw Albert Anders). . . In 1940, following the invasion and annexation of large parts of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, there was a mass de-Polonisation of the occupied territory, and between 320,000 and one million Polish nationals were rounded up and deported to the Urals and Siberia. In mid-1944, East Africa hosted over 13,000 Polish citizens. Balachadi became a refuge for some 1,000 Polish children. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. By. Trukhan, Myroslav. To relieve ourselves, we had to jump out of the train whenever it stopped. Having unloaded H.M. Troopship Nevasa at Karachi, then in India, now West Pakistan they were tasked to sail to Khorramshahr, in Persia, now Iran on the 17th of March 1944. Mexico. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. Wanda Nowoisiad-Ostrowska, quoted by historian Tadeusz Piotrowski (The Polish Deportees of World War II), remembered that Abercorn camp was divided into six sections of single-room houses, a washing area, a laundry, a church, and four school buildings with seven classes. Copies of ul. In all, 16 Polish schools were attended by some 2,300 Polish children in India. Peter Fraser and Countess Wodzicka with Polish children (Alexander Turnbull Library, 1/2-003634-F) Over 800 Polish refugees seeking safety from war-torn Europe disembarked in Wellington. Przemyslu Poland, The State Archive in Rzeszow Archiwum 35-959 Rzeszw When Canadian Jonathan Durand traveled to Africa for the first time as a 20-year-old, he experienceda strange sense of being at home, an odd feeling for a young white man. He ordered his military commanders to use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, and children. Polish soldiers went from Iran mainly to Iraq and Palestine, from where they were to go to the fronts of World War II. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. But such isolation was not the norm in the rest of the camps in East Africa. It took a while for Durand to understand why Africa seemed so familiar to him. And the most infamous German death camps had been located in Poland. For tens of thousands the Soviet Union became their final resting place before the war's end. They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. The first group of exiles arrived in Africa in late 1942-44. Additional Polish transports arrived in late 1943. Dluga 7 Skins were tanned for leather and lint-cotton was purchased from nearby ginneries. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. He was even more grateful at Yalta, when the Western Allies Includes index. Warszawa Poland, The Central Archives of Historical During the two great evacuations (the first, between March 24 and the beginning of April 1942; the second, between August 10 and September 1, 1942), from Krasnovodsk across the Caspian Sea to Pahlavi (Iran), and the smaller overland evacuations from Ashkhabad to Mashhad (in March and September 1942), about 115,000 people (including some 37,000 civilians, of whom about 18,300 were children) left the Soviet Union. Archiwum Akt Nowych Image: Courtesy/Jonathan Durand. Language--U. Krakiv, 1995. The second group (726 refugees including 408 children, mostly orphans) to arrive on the USS Hermitage that fall were also quarantined, this time in a U.S. army camp near Los Angeles called Santa Anita. Sandifort,Mary-Ann The forgotten Story of Polish refugees in Zambia, Zambia's Bulletin & Record,June 2015 P20. A family carrying their belongings walks at the border crossing between Poland and Ukraine in Medyka, Poland, Feb. 24, 2022, after Russian President Vladimir Putin authorized an invasion of Ukraine. 22sm. Northern Rhodesia 3.1. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . diseases acquired in the Soviet Union which continued to rob the refugees of After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. ch.1-4, 1988; ch.1-2, 1989; ch.1-2, 5-6, 1990; 8, 1994. amnesty etc. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. In smaller camps, there was much more reaching out to the local communities on the part of the Poles., READ: Tengeru: A long lost Polish history. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. Animal husbandry was also popular as a chicken farm and piggery (the pride of the settlement) were later established and would produce hams and highly spiced Polish sausages. is the first part of Prof. Piotrowski's lecture on the subject of deportations, Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. Roma J. Czech, a dental hygienist in the UK, recalls a little of her mothers time in the displaced persons camps in Kenya. They then constructed temporary mud and thatch huts. Occasionally, visitors from Poland (families of the dead) make pilgrimages to the various sites in East Africa to lay wreaths in the Polish national colours of red and white. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. The eastern half of Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. and Polish archives As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. At the end of 1944, there were 13,364 Polish citizens in three countries of East Africa, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika. . The largest Polish settlement in Tengeru had 947 houses. THE TRUTH ABOUT JEDWABNE AND HEROIC DEEDS OF THE POLISH NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, See full text in: http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html. Their ship docked at the port of Mombasa and from here they were settled in camps in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and Zambia and Zimbabwe (formerly Northern and Southern Rhodesia). "They were young, and these intercultural encounters have shaped their humanity.". . Among the many significant happenings of the Second World War is the story of thousands of Polish exiles who found refuge in East and Southern Africa. History and implementation 4.2. 37-700 Przemysl They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. Descendants of these Polish refugees have continued to document the perilous journeys and lives of their ancestors in books and memoirs, and governments in East Africa have treasure troves of historical documents in their national archives of this period and still maintain monuments in memory of the great war. The first stop of the refugees evacuated with Anders' army was Iran, where they found temporary quarters in large transit camps initially located in Pahlavi and Mashhad, and later in Tehran and Ahvaz. The arrival of the Polish 4.3 . 29. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. When using our website, the cookie files are downloaded onto your device. Elated by this turn of events the far-flung Polish exiles began to make their way as best they could southward, to where Anders' army was forming, in the hope of liberation. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (it had 4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. Also: Language. it housed several camps for the thousands of orphaned Polish children, it In 1940-41, several hundred thousand citizens of the Second Polish Republic were deported deep into Soviet Russia, which, as a result of aggression with Nazi Germany, occupied the eastern part of Poland after September 17, 1939. In Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence. As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected about 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews) as well as close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians. Like the Nazis in the west of the country, the Soviet Union began to carry out ethnic cleansing. t.3/4, 1995. In America, the date of the arrival of the first transport aboard the USS Hermitage (on June 25, 1943 consisting of 706 refugees, including 166 children) was a State secret. There were many babies in arms in the party and several women of 70 or more. The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy dla uchodzcw. Listy braci: Karola, Antoniego, Jana, ciotki Zofii Lanckoronskiej (1942-1949). Pakistan: The school that's free for Afghan refugee children, New hurdles for rescuers at sea in the Mediterranean, Tunisia: Presidential scapegoating stokes fear and support, Canada Soccer president resigns amid equal pay dispute, Thousands of migrants have died in Southern Texas, When are refugees welcome and when not? These journeys, often several weeks long, brought new suffering and tens of thousands died from hunger, cold, heat, disease and exhaustion on that trip to freedom. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. After the Polish Army had left the Soviet Union, the attitude of the Soviets towards the remaining Poles worsened. Here is the other matching map to the West. Another report that Van Vliet made a few days later in Washington is considered missing. List: Red Cross Polish Refugees The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. Post By: June 29, 2022. physical features of sri lanka 0 Comment Jun 29, 2022 . http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, If you know that you had relatives that were buried in the Przemysl area in Poland this link may help: http://www.cmentarzeprzemysl.pl/, In 1950 there was a border adjustment in the area One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. It was set up in 1942. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. The government of Mexico did not finance their staymoney came from the funds of a special Polish-British-American committee. On November 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall (AP-115) arrived at Wellington, with 733 children on board. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. Scouting was popular. By genocide, the murder The resulting film, "Memory is our Homeland," won the Audience Award at the Montreal International Film Festival in 2019. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. The next groups arriving in October were directed to Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda and Kidugala. The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. Korespondencja, m.in. In the second stage of evacuation from the interior, more than 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians left with General Wadysaw Anders across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. T.5. Own farms were run. Due to financial reasons, it was decided to limit the number of Polish settlements, leaving only two in Tengeru (Tanganyika) and Koja (Uganda). The largest of these settlements were: in the Union of South Africa Oudtshoorn; in North Rhodesia Abercorn, Bwana M'Kubwa, Fort Jameson, Livingstone, and Lusaka; in South Rhodesia Digglefold, Marandellas, Rusape, and Gatooma. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. She was a young girl so her stories were quite magical: That they swung from vines, had confrontations with boa constrictors and that actually [the camps] were mud huts. Czechs grandmother, two aunts and an uncle named Zygmunt, were also housed in the displaced persons camps in Nairobi and Mombasa. T.6. Although provisions were made to resettle several thousand Poles in that country, only two transports arrived in the summer and fall of 1943 with a total of 1,432 refugees. Expectations and the execution of rules concerning the refugees . Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." T.3. The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. Jewish Ghetto Police were to arrest non-Jews who made purchases in stores exclusively designated for the Jews or brought merchandise or food with them. http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html. The Kondoa settlement had 430 people, who lived in twenty barracks built of clay. Illnessestyphoid, dysentery, no restrooms in cars. Socially and economically, these settlements remained completely isolated. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. They also kept some small livestock such as chicken. They are ignoring the benefits migration can bring, says Ghanaian migration expert Stephen Adaawen. For many, the help provided by the United States and Great Britain was too little and too late. The best housing conditions were enjoyed by Poles settling in Ifunda 780 people lived in 100 brick houses concentrated in five districts, which had own kitchens, dining rooms, laundry rooms and warehouses. It was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, filled with louse. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. These exiles found temporary refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, Mexico and British East and Southern Africa. They had survived deportation to the Soviet Union, forced . In order to ensure the highest quality of our services, we use small files called cookies. In Uganda, the camps were located in Masindi and Koya on Lake Victoria. For the 733 children and 102 adults it was the end of a long and perilous journey. The clusters of Polish refugees also arose in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. On the left, smiling and with her arms crossed that was my grandmother," says Durand. Camps: Wood scavenged from the surrounding wilderness was used for fuel, and a bakery was eventually established that baked over one thousand loaves of bread daily. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). A protocol of the Polish-Soviet (Sikorski-Maisky) agreement of From 1942 to 1949, Gerech lived with her siblings and parents in a simple thatched hut in Tengeru in what was then the British-administered territory of Tanganyika (now Tanzania). and demanded "Why can't they stay here?" The British authorities were also preparing for their arrival in Africa. Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. Workshops and village industries were started. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. "[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. The refugees had arrived in groups and they also left in groups at different times. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. maps. Unable to return to war-torn Poland, some 116,000 Polesliving in the Soviet Union were evacuated to Iran, which had been invaded by the Anglo-Soviet alliance. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. As a history student, he was surprised about the lack of information about Poles seeking sanctuary in Africa his professor had never heard of Polish refugee camps on the continent. In August 1945 the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. ch.1,3-4, 1990. Pictures taken at Nairobi station, when hundreds of refugee Polish women and children, deportees rescued from Soviet captivity in Siberia, passed through on their way to build a new life in Uganda. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. 21sm. Another transport arrived at the Mombasa port in Kenya on September 19. During World War Two, close to 20,000 Polish people found refuge in African countries. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. [11] Polish soldiers and civilians who left stayed in Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran. However, after Yalta and the change in Polish borders this became an impossible dream, although a few did return to join their families in Poland. No doubt "Uncle Joe"(Joe Stalin) homo sovieticus barbarosus incarnate must have been grateful to the Western Allies for their conspiracy of silence, for preserving the "good name" of In my view, this toll is the direct and indirect responsibility of the new Polish government (although aided, abetted, and promoted by the Soviets), as I will establish in the next section. This thesis explores why the camp was built in such a remote area . Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. state archives, goverment archives of Poland, English version: http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/?CIDA=43, Polish home Archives in New York, English version. The approaching end of the war and the withdrawal of recognition for the Polish government in exile on 5 July 1945 by the British, raised the question about the future of Polish settlements in Africa. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II. The two refugee camps in Uganda were built at Koja, on the shores of Lake Victoria and Nyabyeya, Budongo Forest Reserve in Masindi district in northwestern Uganda. 68p. Records of hostages, reprisal raids, forced labor, "euthanasia," starvation, exposure, Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. South Africa, South Rhodesia, and North Rhodesia also became the home of Poles. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". They ended up in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, and British Africa, as well as in Mexico. People who stayed there was none of the War limited further evacuations twelve days, we had to out! 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Were located in Masindi and Koya on lake Victoria Bombay, with 733 children and 102 it! Found refuge in Iran, India, Palestine, were directed to camp Bashit Pahlevi and Mashhad, well. Military commanders to use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, however became. Soldiers went from Iran mainly to Iraq and Palestine, from where they were to go to rest!, sick people, who lived in twenty barracks built of clay of Len, in central..