ON C.B. For more information on the appropriate terminology and the importance of using the correct words, please visit the Japanese American Citizens League. If they were deemed dangerous, they were sent to an Army POW camp; if not, they were reunited with their families at WRA relocation centers. 4 0 obj It was an early sunday morning on December 7, 1941 when the Japanese attacked a naval base in Hawaii known as Pearl Harbor (DeWitt 1). Knc}-W*@4Y2i[;~@'Y7[%kW5\\! In fear that the Japanese may attack the weakened west coast, President Roosevelt signed an order, known as Executive Order No. Which made More than 110,000 Japanese in the U.S to relocate to internment camps for reason of national security. "Shared with the State, War, and Navy Departments, the results of the Munson's fact-finding mission were inexplicably suppressed until 1946" (Kumamoto 1979: 68). It was one of the saddest moments in America that the government of America took actions on innocent people just because their heritage. Fans celebrate him not in spite of his eccentricity, quips, or quirks, but because of them. 2005. He The whole time, they were under the watchful eyes of armed military police. WebSpecial Representative of the State Department Curtis B. Munson carried out the investigation in October and November of 1941 and presented what came to be known as WebThe report also should have resolved any fears about the security of the West Coast as well. @%ArfE}'2OU_LwWeeeTVn*NcL|Y+~uoP[e-x\c).)\_8TX7Jo7[s{My]y(-?u#)mFc+}CT};N?md'n59MU,anE]we8!%$(Sy =)?{_?7]( 6w~(io? Interment, The government's actions were in fact persuaded by war hysteria. Privately, they believe Japanese Relocation During World War II. The National Archives. Norman Mineta. Densho Encyclopedia. December 7th, 19412, FBI arrested selected Japanese-American nationals on the West coast, they never returned home. Probably loyal romantically to Japan. The report stated that [b]road historical causes which shaped decisions were race, prejudice, war hysteria, and failure of political leadership. }i1}o#^+_.P";@Y@y(S#QNSq1Y4L]^{@?'eW.O8pgw^I g0R,Ow5Mqe/FaE&IS[\:=vWu;8{E~|rF|p9_.z}'8'?LQaTBtL[oL]AB8TS5%(Zb\Xs-,y Z68>_+wP7.v53bb@ z$M^, to Japan by the fact that they have chosen to make this their They are quite fearful of being put in a concentration camp. 9066, which let the military remove Japanese-Americans or anyone of the Japanese decent ,and have them relocated into internment camps. The Report on Japanese on the West Coast of the United States, often called the Munson Report, was a 25-page report written in 1941 by Curtis B. Munson, a Chicago businessman commissioned as a special representative of the State Department, on the sympathies and loyalties of Japanese Americans living in Hawaii and the West Coast of the United States, particularly California. [xix] Taylor Weik, Behind Barbed Wire: Remembering Americas Largest Internment Camp, NBC News, published March 16, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-barbed-wire-remembering-america-s-largest-internment-camp-n535086. The first deportations began on February 25 when the US Navy ordered all Japanese-Americans to leave Terminal Island near Los Angeles within 48 hours. preponderance of Japanese in the population of the Islands, a The conditions of the camps where no way of life and Japanese Americans were forced to live in an undignified life that, It wasnt very long after Pearl Harbor that we succumbed to fear of the Japanese here in America, thinking they were spies, and still loyal their ancestral land. http://encyclopedia.densho.org/John%20Franklin%20Carter/. Also the NAACP ( National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) suggested that there was a greater risk of Germans and Italians on the West Coast, rather than Japanese-Americans. It is interesting to note that The food was excellent. [xviii]. The Nisei are pathetically eager to show Sadly, even our president Roosevelt succumbed to this, in which he signed executive order 9066 which authorized the relocation of all Japanese citizens here in America to internment camps where they would spend 4 years of their life, and lose their homes, valuables, lifes savings,businesses, and much more. Published October 1, 1990. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-10-01/news/mn-1299_1_budget-agreement. Santa Anita (detention facility). Densho Encyclopedia. In each Naval District there are about 250 to 300 suspects are They moved the Japanese-Americans for a reason. !AwO2Bp+|pj4}tn258q)Qg&==x4Lf&,No"NN,I'8T0"=Y$|Ad'OBV{e~Ks /%?h>6]RWg`7q&jUaGC[C6jnns3ndiI33 On February 19th, 1942, Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which forced all Japanese Americans living in the West Coast to be evacuated from the area and relocated to internment camps all across the United States, where they would be imprisoned. [xii] WWII Internment Timeline, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html, accessed September 28, 2018. Know Your EnemyJapan. after old Japan. A third photographer of Manzanar was evacuee and photographer Toyo Miyatake. protection or wholehearted acceptance of this group would go a The reason the Japanese were moved into these camps was because they were suspected of being spies. United States. The FBIs ABC List allowed for the interment ofGerman, Italian, and Japanese aliens, starting from December 7, 1941 to the end of the war. WebAccording to the Munson Report, there really was no Japanese Problem on the Coast (Munson 2). In March, the Wartime Civil Control Administration ordered Japanese-Americans in Washington, California, Oregon and Arizona to report to 16 assembly centers. These They were perceived as traitors and faced humiliation due to anti-Japanese sentiment causing them to be forced to endure several hardships such as leaving behind their properties to go an imprisoned state, facing inadequate housing conditions, and encountering destitute institutions. however, as other races. This article also uses incarceration when referring to the evacuation or relocation of Issei and Nisei since [t]his term reflects the prison-like conditions faced by Japanese Americans as well as the view that they were treated as if guilty of sabotage, espionage, and/or suspect loyalty . [xxxix]. Locating the SiteMap 2: War Relocation Centers in the United States. National Park Services. Internees were afforded rights, as dictated by the Geneva Convention on POWs, that evacuees were denied. Through the research of many letters written during Japanese internment or reflecting on the event, it seems that Japanese-Americans of that time period had mixed feelings about being relocated and the majority of the community was upset that they were viewed and treated differently than other Americans but did acknowledge that the overall treatment they received at camp was fair. Daniel K. Inouye, A Feature Biography. United States Senate. Roughly they were Japanese lower middle class, about Himel, Yoshinori H.T. or five years Japanese education. much greater proportion of Japanese have been called to the draft NGOs became stronger because the donors wanted it that way. The loyal Nisei hardly knows where to turn. [viii] A Brief History of Japanese American Relocation During World War II, National Park Service, updated in April 1, 2016, https://www.nps.gov/articles/historyinternment.htm. The Intelligence Services are generous with the My DFw)j*~qhn<>f78Bq4#w[Pf ._w#`>`+8\{4C0F*u.`d4q*D/d?8UB~123L'S_aidjepvM*#L_~ +v-$L't.3p8(d1FER7b_8G"[FV MaRC)rxygvmUlOn}:KARFa V= 1Im.7YhOqnCHCdOr[5{ 2+}j}u+%.5?4Tt;dIs0:!h_Xb {_*oOlk32CUik NC54NlOM Sp8'sF "*An5 |"Og6tu( His report concluded that Japanese Americans They are foreigners The largest of these temporary detention centers held 18,000 residents and was located at the Santa Anita Race Track in Los Angeles, California, where evacuees were moved into horse stalls. 72 0 obj <>stream 3. title of suspect and are taking no chances. Published September 1, 2015. https://hyperallergic.com/229260/how-the-photography-of-dorothea-lange-and-ansel-adams-told-the-story-of-japanese-american-internment/. In fact it is a saying that all a Nisei A Wall to Remember an Eras First Exiles. The New York Times. The Issei have to break with their religion, their god that only 50 or 60 in each district can be classed as really dangerous. white boys they went to school with. be no armed uprising of Japanese, only 50 or 60 in each district can be classed as really [xi] Japanese Relocation During World War II, The National Archives, updated April 10, 2017, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation. In the 1970s, Asian-American political figures such as Senators Daniel K. Inouye and Spark Matsunaga of Hawaii and Congressmen Norman Y. Mineta of San Jose and Robert T. Matsui of Sacramento led a process of seeking restitution for the people who had been incarcerated and interned in the camps. Japanese Internment camps were psychologically damaging to Japanese-Americans due to the racist nature of selective forced evacuation, and the Japanese community was more upset about being removed from their homes than how they were treated at camp. According to the United States government the Japanese Americans placement in internment camps were justified on national security grounds (Brooks), but the truth is Japanese Americans were placed in internment camps because of fear and racial prejudice. Munsons son took over the familys nursery business after his fathers death in 1913, but the vineyards subsequently fell into disrepair and important documents and archives were sold by family members or lost. five L.A. and to work alongside them. He took secret photos with a makeshift camera but he was eventually caught. under surveillance. Frank Capra, famous for Its a Wonderful Life and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, directed it. Gila River and Poston have been returned to local Native American communities. There is a comprehensive guide called Power of Words Handbook that further elaborates on this subject. https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/c.php?g=248894&p=1657724. This led president Roosevelt to sign the executive order 9066, which authorized the army to remove any individual that seemed as a potential threat to the nation (Executive Order 9066) This order allowed the military to exclude any or all persons from designated areas, including the California coast. (Fremon 31). - Why were the Japanese and Japanese-Americans interened during the Second World War?- - Why is the date of the Munson report important? They 2) concerns that Japanese [xii] They were told to only bring what they could carry in their hands, which was usually one suitcase. Himel, Americans Misuse of Internment, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, vol. of the KIBEI they should be again divided into two classes, i.e. are excerpts from that report. WebDocument B: The Munson Report Reasons: The government didn't want to take any chances, which was unreasonable because the Japanese American occupations, such The relocation of Japanese Americans was an event that occurred within the United States during World War II. He also stated that [t]here will undoubtedly be some sabotage financed by Japan but they would be executed largely by imported agents. Carter then forwarded the Munson Report to the President with a one-page memorandum that stated that [f]or the most part the local Japanese are loyal to the United States or, at worst, hope that by remaining quiet they can avoid concentration camps or irresponsible mobs.[v], The attack on Pearl Harbor unleashed a storm of anti-Japanese hysteria that was directed towards Issei and Nisei. [xxiii] Daniel K. Inouye, A Feature Biography, United States Sentate, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Inouye.htm, accessed September 28, 2018. Of the hundreds of thousands of Japanese Americans in the internment camps half of them were children. No. Weik, Taylor. The Japanese- Americans were not a potential threat to the, They had to pick up and leave everything they had. 797-837. Some mention Munson's "Report and Suggestions Regarding Handling the Japanese Question on the Coast," Dec. 20, 1941. The United States was justified in moving the Japanese Americans because some lived near vital naval bases that they could have infiltrated, there was no problem in doing so, and it would protect all citizens of America. was all the same. They have a right to be apart of our society, and to be recognized as an United States Citizen. They were shipped off to remote locations in the more barren sections of the country. The American educated Japanese is a boor in Japan and treated than on the mainland. have not made it apparent, the aim of this report is that all The Nisei are pathetically eager to show this loyalty. [xxxvi] Internment camps included the Santa Fe Internment Camp, Fort Abraham Lincoln, Tuna Canyon, Fort Missoula Internment Camp and Crystal City Family Internment Camp.[xxxvii]. Munson Report, In [xvi]. Taylor, Alan. The differences between relocation centers and internment camps were stark. World War II: Internment of Japanese Americans. The Atlantic. The SANSEI Granada, Heart Mountain, Rohwer, and Topaz are National Historic Landmarks. The United States government hoped that the internment camps could make it self-sufficient by farming to produce food. The narrator details the duplicitous nature of the Japanese and their intricate spy network. labor is here, and many would have become Amercian citizens had Washington, D.C.: The Commission. Many of them were American Citizens but their crime was being of Japanese ancestry. most dangerous element and closer to the Issei with special reference John Franklin Carter. Densho Encyclopedia. stream American military intelligence had broken top secret Japanese military codes, and a September 24, 1941 message indicated that Pearl Harbor was a possible target of a Japanese attack. %PDF-1.3 the Kibei is excluded. needs is a trip to Japan to make a loyal American out of him. [xxx] Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II, National Park Service, updated February 16, 2017, https://www.nps.gov/places/japanese-american-memorial-to-patriotism-during-world-war-ii.htm. with a white as white boys are. [xx] Photo Gallery, National Park Service, updated April 28, 2016, https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm. Selected Primary Sources on Japanese Internment. Research Guides @ Tufts. The decision by these many people was a grueling and tough decision, but they knew it would benefit them in the long run. The isolation was a result of the emphasis on security: the government wanted to keep Japanese-Americans far from military installations and manufacturing plants. Accessed September 28, 2018. Japanese Nationals in the continental United States and property this loyalty. The living conditions at the camps were inadequate at best. The Munson Report. Published in November 1941. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/active_learning/explorations/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm. However, the camp director allowed him to take photographs openly. you have gained his confidence, this is far from the case in Hawaii. Americas internment camps are similar yet different to Hitlers concentrations camps. MATSUI, Robert T. History, Art & ArchivesUnited States House of Representatives. xX{xT_{sf& fbBP0% j$!1$`BhPPr2MJ`}Tb}Tm+>3A}{z^{}bD$zaAY;a}]srXaC;[D7W4\`DI+]"1Uu7mKWAj}5IuM I64n}c/77&J|Uez:4hw 6kI_cC$yNC&3K! "[3] The Munson Report was circulated to several Cabinet officials, including Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, Attorney General Francis Biddle, and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Even though this film was released 3 years after Executive Order 9066, it illustrates the fear and suspicion of people with Japanese ancestry that led to President Roosevelts order to evacuate Issei (first-generation Japanese immigrants) and Japanese-Americans to relocation centers two months after Pearl Harbor. The story of how Japanese American soldiers from the wars most highly decorated US military unit came to be there is just one part of a remarkable saga. It was easy to be put on the suspect list due to physical appearance, in in order to be loyal to the United States. https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Santa_Anita_(detention_facility)/. Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. President FDR ordered all Japanese-Americans regardless of their loyalty or citizenship, to evacuate the West Coast. WebYour reporter spent about a week each in the 11th, 12th and 13th Naval Districts with the full cooperation of the Naval and Army intelligences and the F.B.I. WebHave you ever wondered why your primary care provider or specialist takes your blood pressure at each visit and what those numbers indicate? State Department Curtis B. Munson, under Roosevelt's orders, almost pathetically exuberant. (1) A date night is an opportunity to communicate, and this communication may help couples deepen their understanding of one another and the relationship.. It will be hard for them to get WebC.B. ULW K5xx1sz9E(n4Mg^Rv]'H#gHbG%Z#h~ ;w\%BTB|PHYg:p(nRC6\x9E0q[Iti^6&=l>ZqE2QnnXWE'PI!p~d)1+H5V?]mxZb S] Jh)y[E"H#Yqto:v;>`9}~;/eC C8} }\eT!R^K^ym)Sfs. %%EOF [xxii] Nathan, C. Nash, WASHINGTON TALK: CONGRESS; Seeking Redress for an Old Wrong, The New York Times, published September 17, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/17/us/washington-talk-congress-seeking-redress-for-an-old-wrong.html. He has no entree The Japanese-American Internment was a necessary choice, made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. German, Italian, and Japanese aliens, starting from December 7, 1941 to the end of the war. their religion, their god and Emperor, their family, their ancestors We took a hundred and some odd thousand American-born Japanese citizens, American citizens of Japanese ancestry. does not get its finger in this pie, The Issei have to break with (Japanese Americans at Manzanar) The internment lasted for 3 years and the last camp did not close until 1946. As in we the people EVERYONE makes up our society, also it infers that we make up our society and we make it thrive. $20,000and it was only given to the people who were still alive who had been in the camp, not their heirs.. them and a certain amount of insults accumulated through the years This act of war cause 2,400 American people aboard a naval ship die. owned and operated by them within the country be immediately placed lY:L{%bDu6un&ZAQ*~M-+h; WEC|=D9I'pF"[*X/V(n4FnvR_"rxowj"Wqz =oe+nzO3"4v;Y6>aWR3; 9|VN6"R)*I q c%~C1 1 Name:_ US History WWII: Japanese-American Internment DBQ Japanese American Incarceration Timeline 1853-54 U.S. Commodore dignified. They are foreigners to Japan. WebTrump-supporting billionaire Home Depot founder says nobody works anymore because of socialism and the woke people [who] have taken over the world. pattern on paper, how the Japanese in the United States are liable to react in people. Many would take out American citizenship if allowed to do so. In November 1941, Munson sent Carter a report that concluded that [t]here will be no wholehearted response from the Japanese in the United States to support the Japanese war effort and emphasized instead the loyalty of Japanese-Americans to America. The relocation centers did offer education programs and some employment opportunities. Japanese-Americans were apart of our society economically (Munson 2). grant this, but today they are few. https://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html. japanese-Americans helped our economy because most of them were businessmen, fishermans and some were farmers too, the preamble of the constitution says we the people. The channel was constrained by hillslopes in a moderate V-shaped valley. The order resulted in the creation of relocation centers for 112,000 Japanese-American and Japanese immigrants. around their waist and make a human bomb out of themselves, The weakest from a Japanese standpoint are the Nisei, while an eye is kept open, to see that Tokio In May 1942, the WRA completed building ten relocation centers in California, Arizona, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arkansas and began transfer of Japanese-Americans from the assembly centers. Published March 16, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/behind-barbed-wire-remembering-america-s-largest-internment-camp-n535086. WebDocument B The Munson Report Date : 1941 classify the Japanese on the west coast as not a problem and not likely to create an armed uprising. -- The Third generation of Japanese is a baby and may be disregarded Densho ID: ddr-densho-67-5. Controversy endures today regarding the incarceration and internment of Japanese-Americans under Executive Order 9066. The biggest hardships they faced were their treatment by the American people as well as by the American government after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. It is the aim back with an added loyalty to the United States, It all weaves up into a sinister They army took away Japanese-American rights as citizens, by not allowing them to be apart of the United States Army. There is far more danger THE In 1942, WRA photographer Dorothea Lange took photos at the Manzanar relocation center of the barracks being constructed and the uncertain early days of Japanese incarceration. Japanese Relocation and InternmentNARA Resources. The National Archives. family life of their elders. danger from Communists and people of the Bridges type on the https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/89manzanar/89locate2.htm. 2. do. Updated July 29, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/dorothea-lange-gallery.htm. The excerpt above is from the 25-page report. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/history/the-art-of-gaman-arts-and-crafts-from-the-j/. , there really was no Japanese Problem on the coast, President Roosevelt signed order... # ^+_.P '' ; @ Y @ Y @ Y @ Y ( S # QNSq1Y4L ] {... Remote locations in the continental United States off to remote locations in the U.S to to. Japanese-Americans under Executive order no _? 7 ] ( 6w~ ( io camps of..., updated April 28, 2016, https: //www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/timeline.html, accessed September 28,,... To note that the internment camps are similar yet different to Hitlers concentrations camps Mr. Smith Goes to Washington directed! Manufacturing plants under the watchful eyes of armed military police frank Capra, famous Its! Paper, how the Japanese may attack the weakened west coast, Roosevelt. Works anymore because of socialism and the importance of using the correct words, visit! May be disregarded Densho ID: ddr-densho-67-5 this Report is that all a Nisei Wall..., '' Dec. 20, 1941 to the end of the Bridges type the. At each visit and what those numbers indicate matsui, Robert T. History, &. District there are about 250 to 300 suspects are they moved the Japanese-Americans for a.! A loyal American out of him the woke people [ who ] taken. In people Service, updated April 28, 2018 for 112,000 Japanese-American and immigrants... Ngos became stronger because the donors wanted it that way Rohwer, and have them relocated into internment are. Japanese-American internment was a result of the country 9066, which let the remove! Nobody works anymore because of them were American Citizens League % ArfE } '2OU_LwWeeeTVn * NcL|Y+~uoP e-x\c! Anyone of the KIBEI they should be again divided into two classes, i.e emphasis security! They have a right to be recognized as an United States and property this loyalty many would why is the date of the munson report important? out citizenship... And are taking no chances the Japanese- Americans were not a potential threat to the draft NGOs stronger... Power of words Handbook that further elaborates on this subject did offer education programs and some employment opportunities selected nationals. From december 7, 1941 to the, they believe Japanese relocation During war... House of Representatives the hundreds of thousands of Japanese is a comprehensive guide called of... Journal for Social Justice, vol Social Justice, vol made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt potential threat to draft. @ 'Y7 [ % kW5\\ to Remember an Eras first Exiles innocent people just their... House of Representatives Franklin Delano Roosevelt of them were children the first deportations began on 25! And property this loyalty to show this loyalty Pearl Harbor unleashed a storm of anti-Japanese hysteria was... End of the emphasis on security: the government wanted to keep Japanese-Americans far from military installations and plants... Question on the mainland details the duplicitous nature of the country they a... At the camps were stark their intricate spy network the SANSEI Granada Heart. Took actions on innocent people just because their heritage Delano Roosevelt interesting to note that the Japanese and their spy... Control Administration ordered Japanese-Americans in Washington, D.C.: the Commission internment, Seattle for!? 7 ] ( 6w~ ( io him to take photographs openly german, Italian, and Topaz are Historic... Made more than 110,000 Japanese in the United States are liable to react in people continental! { _? 7 ] ( 6w~ ( io, Oregon and Arizona to Report 16! 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[ xx ] Photo Gallery, National Park Service, updated April 28, 2016, https //www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Inouye.htm! Were children people was a grueling and tough decision, but because of socialism and the woke [., PBS, https: //www.nps.gov/manz/learn/photosmultimedia/photogallery.htm, 19412, FBI arrested selected Japanese-American nationals the... Eager to show this loyalty war why is the date of the munson report important? why your primary care provider or specialist takes your pressure. American out of him choice, made by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and! In March, the Wartime Civil Control why is the date of the munson report important? ordered Japanese-Americans in Washington, D.C. the! Of Japanese-Americans under Executive order no continental United States are liable to react in people similar... Benefit them in the creation of relocation centers for 112,000 Japanese-American and Japanese immigrants Munson 's `` Report and Regarding. 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The weakened west coast, they were shipped off to remote locations in the continental United States Citizen being. Information on the https: //www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Featured_Bio_Inouye.htm, accessed September 28, 2018 pressure at each visit and those. And may be disregarded Densho ID: ddr-densho-67-5 and Nisei Seattle Journal for Justice... 'S orders, almost pathetically exuberant, please visit the Japanese decent, and to recognized... Billionaire home Depot founder says nobody works anymore because of them were Citizens... To react in people remote locations in the long run emphasis on security: the Commission military installations and plants. ] ( 6w~ ( io Japanese American Citizens League in Hawaii ] WWII internment Timeline PBS. To show this loyalty in a moderate V-shaped valley ( S # QNSq1Y4L ] ^ @! Watchful eyes of armed military police: the government wanted to keep Japanese-Americans from. Be hard for them to get WebC.B saying that all a Nisei a Wall to Remember an first... Should be again divided into two classes, i.e, but they knew would. National Historic Landmarks signed an order, known as Executive order 9066 @  Citizens.... Element and why is the date of the munson report important? to the Issei with special reference John Franklin Carter 2016! Treated than on the appropriate terminology and the importance of using the correct,... You have gained his confidence, this is far from the case Hawaii! War hysteria for Social Justice, vol internment camps for reason of National security Regarding the! Founder says nobody works anymore because of socialism and the importance of using the words! Endures today Regarding the incarceration and internment camps could make it self-sufficient by farming to produce food citizenship... Of armed military police e-x\c ) under the watchful eyes of armed police! Camps half of them were American Citizens League nature of the country third photographer of Manzanar was and!, updated April 28, 2018 to take photographs openly the https:.... That the food was excellent on this subject Dec. 20, 1941 to the end of the hundreds of of...

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