Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. 2022 Jul 4. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Soc Sci Med. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Epidemiology: man and disease. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. 0 Genetic counseling of the deaf. CAS Many become sick from the filth on the sharp equipment [Male, Study Community # 4]. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Traditional Medicine in Somalia; An Anthropological Approach to the concepts concerning Disease, 2nd International Congress of Somali Studies, vol. First Statement of Germ Theory. Many natural objects were believed to be capable of mediating between the supreme deity and the ordinary humans. I have never gone to modern health centers. Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. Epub 2022 Apr 6. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. This theme does not appear in Murdocks model. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. 8600 Rockville Pike New York: Africana Publishing Corporation; 1969. p. XXXXI. Click here to review the details. government site. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. and transmitted securely. [Female, Study Community # 3]. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. The move towards a new public health police. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. This level of familiarity would have increased the comfort participants felt sharing with the researchers. California Privacy Statement, All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Qualitative content analysis was used. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Medical and cultural considerations. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Cite this article. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Springer Nature. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . 1976;4:77382. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. These forces are believed to have unlimited power. An official website of the United States government. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Epub 2022 Jan 25. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Social Research Methods. Wilson. supernatural theory of disease ecological theory germ theory multifactorial causation theory no unanimous opinion at least 10% of the people in developed countries and 30% in developing countries still believe in supernatural origin even today superstitions are becoming major obstacles in disease control most of the literates view that disease . Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 12. MeSH Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. The accessibility and geographic distribution of the five Tehuledere sub-districts (ketena) around the urban center provided the primary basis for selecting the study communities. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones wellbeing status is not subject to change without the nature-spirit association. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Would you like email updates of new search results? MHK directed the focus groups, key informant interviews and participatory observation, performed the coding, categorized the emerged themes and drafted the original manuscript. 2015;29(2):12736. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. Privacy Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. Nature of qualitative evidence. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Permission to conduct the participant observation in the communities was provided by the heads of the health facilities. Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. 2nd ed. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. A successful integrated primary health care strategy should include strategies for supporting patients needs in all three of these domains. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Violation of time ban taboos were also said to contribute to illness: Leaving, travelling in the wrong time will cause disease from attack by the devil (lekeft). Ali A. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. EMJ. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. Of illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies or failure. 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